Monday, June 20, 2022

Rajim temples and pilgrimage site, Chhattisgarh

At Rajim, Chhattisgarh’s sacred heart, where the Mahanadi and Pairi rivers converge, a historic pilgrimage site beckons. Once a capital and pilgrim stop en route to Bhubaneswar–Puri, this tirtha-kshetra, enriched by the distant Sondur river, pulses with spiritual legacy, captivating devotees and history enthusiasts. Rajim’s east bank boasts Chhattisgarh’s finest carved stone temples, dating from the 6th to 12th centuries. The Rajiv Lochana Temple, a 6th–7th-century Vishnu shrine, dazzles with intricate pillars and reliefs of Ganga, Yamuna, Rama, Krishna, and more, alongside a preserved Buddha statue, hinting at the region’s Buddhist past. Across the river, the Kuleshvara Shiva Temple in Navagaon stands resilient on its octagonal platform, its mandapa pilasters adorned with Kartikeya and Mahisasuramardini. Recent excavations near Sita Bari reveal lost temple ruins, fueling archaeological intrigue. South of Rajiv Lochana, the restored Ramachandra Temple showcases 7th–9th-century carvings from Sirpur’s ruins, depicting Vishnu and Shiva legends. For students, India-lovers, and global travelers, Rajim unveils a tapestry of art, faith, and heritage.

Location: India, 20.96396 N, 81.877581 E

  • Southeast of Raipur (50 kilometers) 
  • Southwest of Sirpur (80 kilometers)
  • near Highway 30 and 130.

Site is also known as, or identified as: 
  • Rajivlochan–Ramachandra temples of Rajim
  • Rajim group of temples
  • Rajim-Sirpur archaeological sites
  • Rajamalapura temples
  • Rajam temples
  • Kamal kshetra of Daksina kosala
  • Chitrotpala–Utpaleshwar temples

Nearby historic sites: 
  • Sirpur, Chhattisgarh
  • Arang, Chhattisgarh
  • Fingeshwar, Chhattisgarh

Sources and Further Reading: 
  1. Krishna Deva (1995), Temples of India 
  2. DM Stadtner (1976), From Sirpur to Rajim: the art of Kosala during the seventh century, University of California Berkeley 
  3. Douglas Barrett and Moreshwar Dikshit (1960), Mukhalingam Sirpur and Rajim temples, Heritage of Indian Art Series, Vol 2. 
  4. Odette Viennot (1958), Le Temple de Ramachandra a Rajim, Arts Asiatiques, École française d’Extrême-Orient 
  5. Saurabh Saxena (2011), Rajim – Prayaga of Chattisgarh

Sunday, May 8, 2022

Udayagiri Buddhist Site – Diamond Triangle of Odisha

Tucked among Odisha’s rolling hills, near the Brahmani, Birupa, and Kelua rivers, the Udayagiri Buddhist complex, part of the “diamond triangle” with Lalitagiri and Ratnagiri, stands as a testament to ancient India’s spiritual depth. Known historically as Pushpagiri, a 1st-millennium university rivaling Nalanda, it thrived on Yoga philosophy until the 11th century, drawing Mahayana Buddhists and Hindus. Udayagiri, the largest of the trio, dazzles with its Mahastupa at Udayagiri 1, where four Buddhas in distinct mudras face cardinal directions. Exquisite Padmapani statues and yogi reliefs blend Hindu iconography, while red-brick monastery ruins whisper of a vibrant past, uncovered through 20th-century excavations. Udayagiri 2, spanning 1st-century BCE to post-8th-century CE, showcases evolving Hinayana and Mahayana architecture. Its monasteries, votive stupas, and intricate sculptures echo Krishna valley artistry, though some artworks now reside in Patna and Cuttack museums. For students, India enthusiasts, and global travelers, Udayagiri’s rock-cut trails and syncretic art reveal a 1st-millennium crossroads of Buddhist and Hindu traditions, blending archaeology, architecture, and cultural heritage in Odisha’s serene landscape.

Location: 20.643554 N, 86.26984 E

  • East of Krusnadaspur (8 kilometers) 
  • Northeast of Bhubaneswar (84 kilometers)
  • near National Highway 53 and National Highway 16

Udayagiri 1:






Udayagiri Mahastupa





Buddhist temple, Udayagiri



Udayagiri 2:



Udayagiri vihara





Udayagiri ruins:



Site is also known as / synonyms

  • Udayagiri hills
  • Pushpagiri sites of Odisha (early 20th century, incorrect)
  • Madhavapura Mahavihara
  • Simhaprastha Mahavihara
  • (Note: many towns and historic sites in India are called Udayagiri and Pushpagiri, such as in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana – some are very far from Odisha; there is a different Jain and Hindu site in Odisha which is also called Udayagiri; the use of Udayagiri and Pushpagiri names for different sites is found in Indian manuscripts, inscriptions and they remain in use in the 21st century).

Nearby historic sites:

  • Lalitagiri Buddhist site
  • Ratnagiri Buddhist site
  • Mahakala temple and Jain monuments
  • Monolithic elephant of Kaimabada

Sources and Further Reading:

  • P. Mukerjee (1957), Lalitagiri, Udayagiri & Ratnagiri, The Mahabodhi Society Orissa
  • Thomas E Donaldson (2001), Iconography of the Buddhist sculpture of Orissa, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts : Abhinav Publications
  • P Sahoo (2004), Buddhist Centers in Orissa: An Overview, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 65, pp. 147–153
  • Trivedi, P K (2012). Further Excavations at Udayagiri-2, Odisha (2001-2003). Archaeological Survey of India. New Delhi
  • Umakanth Mishra (2019), Continuity and change in the sacred landscape of the Buddhist site of Udayagiri Odisha, Routledge, ISBN 978-04292-741-69
  • Akshaya Jena (2017), Tourism prospects of Langudi Puspagiri, Odisha Review: November, pp. 82–84
  • Saurabh Saxena (2020), Udayagiri – The Sunrise Hill, Puratattva

Saturday, May 7, 2022

Sitabinji fresco and inscriptions

Nestled in Odisha’s Kendujhar district, the Sitabhinji site unveils a window into India’s ancient artistry. This 4th–6th-century treasure features a faded yet vivid tempera mural, one of India’s earliest. The mural graces a rock-cut ledge, depicting a king’s procession with horses, an elephant, and attendants in five vibrant colors, captivating art lovers and historians.

The mural’s Sanskrit inscription, etched near a horse, hints at a mid-1st-millennium Hindu monument adorned with colorful Shaiva decorations. Nearby, early Odiya and Sanskrit inscriptions, pre-6th-century, mention a lost Shaiva monastery, a guru, his student, and a temple, whispering tales of spiritual life.

Late 20th-century excavations uncovered a Gupta-era temple’s remnants, a small stone elephant, and a faced Shiva Linga (mukhalinga). These 6th-century artifacts, alongside untranslated inscription fragments, fuel archaeological intrigue about the unknown mysterious Hindu king.

Sitabhinji’s rock-cut wonders and ancient scripts offer a mesmerizing glimpse into Odisha’s rich heritage, blending art, faith, and history in timeless stone.

Location: India, 21.51253° N, 85.77673° E 

  • Southeast of Kendujhar (Keonjhar)
  • near National Highway 20
Road to Sitabinji fresco and inscriptions
Road to Sitabinji

Sitabhinji fresco and inscriptions site
Sitabinji site

4th century Sitabinji fresco painting
Sitabinji fresco

Inscription


Mukhalinga and stone elephant
Inscription


Site is also known as / synonyms: 

  • Ravanachhaya Mural Rocks
  • Rabanchaya site
  • Sitabhinji archaeological site
  • Sitabinji painting
  • Sitabinji mural

Nearby historic sites:

  • Kichakeswari temple, Khiching (60 kilometers)

Sources and Further Reading:

  • T. N. Ramachandran (1951), Find of Tempera Painting in Sītābhiñji, District Keoñjhār, OrissaArtibus Asiae, Volume 14, Number 1/2, pp. 4-25
  • A Joshi (1965), Antiquities of Sitabhinji, The Orissa Historical Research JournalXIII (2), pp. 21–27
  • M. Somathilake (2007), Further Analysis on Fresco and Tempera: An Analysis of the Technique of Murals in South AsiaJournal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka New Series, Vol. 53, pp. 109-132